A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. The Mishnah supplements the Torah, but its laws lack all scriptural references. The books which set out the Mishnah in its original structure, together with the associated Gemara, are known as Talmuds. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic mawwal, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. The other was written in the land of Israel (Jerusalem Talmud) around 350-400 AD. [8] The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Torah. This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, without as much reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work. A thousand thanks is not enough. Two institutes at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold (among other things) extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation. Another possibility is that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, making them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book. The Mishnah would finally be published in an organized, authoritative form a generation after Rabbi Meir by the great Rabbi Judah the Prince. During the time of Rabbi Judah the Prince the Jewish community in the Land of Israel already began to dwindle. ( Mr 7:1, 13 ) The Mishnah has historical value for Bible students because it provides background information on certain passages of Scripture and explains ancient Jewish customs and attitudes toward God’s name. Orthodox Judaism believes that Moses received the Torah (the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) from God and that he wrote down everything God spoke to him. It is considered the best manuscript and forms the base text of all critical editions. Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah the Prince recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. To correct this, Judah the Prince took up the redaction of the Mishnah. The oral discussions were preserved, either by memorization or notation, and later edited together in a manner that places generations of sages in conversation with one another. The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim, singular seder סדר), each containing 7–12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet מסכת; lit. Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. Obadiah Bertinoro (end of 15th cent.) See below for external links. The Talmud refers to these differing versions as Mishnah Rishonah ("First Mishnah") and Mishnah Acharonah ("Last Mishnah"). When Rome will fall and the Dark Ages ushered in the Jews will be primarily in two places: Egypt and Babylon. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the tannaappointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. [citation needed] There is also a tradition that Ezra the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the Tanakh but 60 esoteric books. 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