The Corps, along with other state and federal resource agencies, has developed a draft Regional Guidebook for the Application of Hydrogeomorphic Assessments to Northwest Gulf of Mexico Tidal Fringe Marshes. Publication GBNEP-38. This mitigation sequence is summarized as avoidance of all impacts for which there are practicable alternatives, taking appropriate and practicable steps to minimize potential adverse impacts, and requiring compensatory mitigation for all unavoidable impacts that remain after avoidance and minimization. In 1997, the TPWD developed a Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/wetlands/programs/conservation/), and the TPWD, GLO, and TCEQ have developed a Seagrass Conservation Plan for Texas. The MOA outlines §401 Certification procedures for Tier I projects or projects less than three acres of wetland impact and for Tier II projects greater than three acres of wetland impact. Webb, J. W., G. T. Tanner, and B. H. Koerth. The NMFS's Galveston, Texas, laboratories received funding from the EPA to restore seagrasses in a part of western Galveston Bay. Instruments authorizing the use of state-owned coastal lands are issued under the authority of the School Land Board (SLB) or the Commissioner of the GLO. Part of the project identified and prioritized potential wetland restoration sites on public land. Constructed wetlands are becoming increasingly popular for wastewater treatment around the world. 01-241-R. 66 pp. The Wetlands mapper is designed to deliver easy-to-use, map like views of America’s Wetland resources. U.S. Department of Commerce NMFS. Step 1: Review Maps. Since January 2003, the GLO and Council have assisted in the restoration and protection of over 7,600 acres of coastal wetland and native coastal prairie through reimbursements to Coastal Impact Assistance Program grant awardees. Mitigation is required for damage resulting from such activities as dredging, filling, propwash, oil and gas development, and pipeline construction. An educational wetlands video (22 minutes in length) produced by the TPWD describes the different types of wetlands found in Texas, the function of wetlands and their importance to both humans and the natural environment, their rate of loss, and the efforts currently underway to conserve wetlands, is available from the TPWD. As wetlands have come to be understood and In determining whether to require an applicant to mitigate adverse impacts on a habitat, the commission may consider any net benefit to the habitat produced by the project. any personal information to the agency. Texas A&M University Sea Grant College Program. The State’s 401 Certification Program is administered primarily by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ); however, for oil and gas activities, the Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) administers the program. The TPWD is also producing a bottomland hardwoods video to illustrate their significance, why they are being lost, and how they can be protected. If applicants for Corps §404 permits qualify for Tier I and agree to comply with a list of Best Management Practices, the TCEQ waives certification for the Tier I project. Prepared for the Coastal Coordination Council under GLO contract no. Onuf, C. P. 1994. Wetlands have different characteristics. The Corps, Fort Worth District and The Nature Conservancy of Texas have formed an agreement to establish a regional in-lieu fee program for the Corps, Fort Worth District. 1994. Surface water quality standards now define wetlands as waters of the state. The project is designed to complement the ongoing Nueces Estuary Regional Wastewater Planning Study sponsored by the City of Corpus Christi, the state, and several local entities. The project will provide shoreline stabilization that will function as a 1,400-ft oyster reef and fish habitat and will provide protection for newly created emergent wetlands. The Texas General Land Office Coastal Division, Austin, TX. Information in the plan has been disseminated through a wide variety of media, including printed materials, videotapes, public media, special events, and the GBF’s educational programming. In 1999, the Texas Legislature passed the Coastal Erosion Planning and Response Act (CEPRA). In addition, many of … The 78th Legislature appropriated over $ 7 million for the CEPRA program for the 2004-2005 biennium (Cycle 3). Rules of both the CMP (31 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) §501.14(h)(1)(A)) and §401 water quality certification have no net loss goals. Prepared for Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Resource Protection Division in accordance with interagency contracts (88-89) 0820 and 1423. and cookie statement. Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan. There are wetlands on my property. It was determined that Dickinson Bay and the Dickinson Bayou watershed would greatly benefit from comprehensive wetland restoration and creation projects. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX. Integration of remote sensing and spatial information technologies for mapping black mangrove on the Texas Gulf Coast. Wetlands. Cycle 3 funds were awarded to 20 erosion response projects, including several that are coupled with marsh restoration. These include pitcher plant bogs, swamps dominated by bald cypress and tupelo gum trees, mangrove marshes, coastal dune swales, and Caddo Lake wetlands. The use of dredged material to restore and create wetlands in the Galveston Bay system is being promoted by the Houston Ship Channel Beneficial Uses Group. Best management practices to protect water quality are required of applicants with projects three acres or less in size. In serving the upper Texas coast, the PSC provides permitting assistance only at this time; however, use of the Joint Permit Application Form, will soon be expanded to the upper coast. 261 pp. A more accurate estimate of coastal wetlands acreage will be possible as the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) digitizes hydric soils data for coastal counties. Selected Web Sites www.glo.state.tx.us/wetnet/ -- General Land Office Wetlands Network www.glo.state.tx.us/coastal/cmp.html – Texas Coastal Management Program www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/admin/topdoc/gi/236/ -- Galveston Bay Estuary Program www.cbbep.org/ -- Coastal Bend Bays and Estuary Program www.beg.utexas.edu – University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology www.swg.usace.army.mil/ -- Galveston District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers www.swf.usace.army.mil/ --Fort Worth District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers www.wetlands.com/regs/tlpge01b.htm – Wetlands Regulation Center http://ifw2es.fws.gov/documents/r2es/TexasWetlands.pdf – Texas Coastal Wetlands: Status and Trends, mid-1950s to early 1990s, © 2020 Association of State Wetland Managers, Increasing Access to Wetland Training Project, Introduction to Wetlands One-Stop Mapping, Wetland Mapping Classification Image Gallery, Fellowships - Graduate - Internship Opportunities, 32 Tandberg Trail, Suite 2A | Windham, ME 04062 | Phone: 207-892-3399 | Fax: 207-894-7992 |. Rivers often cover hundreds of miles and pass through a wide variety of landforms, from mountains to foothills to valleys to coastal environments, as they make their ways downstream. The most common feature of all wetlands is that the water table (the groundwater level) is very near to the soil surface or shallow water covers the surface for at least part of the year. ____ 1995b. The WetNet gives users of the system desktop access to GIS technology. Funded through a cooperative agreement with the EPA Region 6, Contract CD-996253-01-0. Also, §11.506 of the Texas Water Code states that "if the state definition conflicts with the federal definition in any manner, the federal definition prevails." Wetlands, as defined by the Texas Water Code, §11.502 and for purposes of §401 water quality certification and CMP (GLO, 1995), are: an area (including a swamp, marsh, bog, prairie pothole, or similar area) having a predominance of hydric soils that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support and that under normal circumstances supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation. Publication CCBNEP-25B. Lacustrine, riverine, and marine wetlands are ecologically significant but cover a smaller area. A Nueces County Atlas that includes wetland values and conditions, fish and wildlife utilizing the wetlands, lists of wetland plants and hydric soils, status and trends information, wetland acreage statistics, and NWI maps was completed in 1998 (Moulton and Dall, 1998). Oil spill effects on smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora in Galveston Bay, TX. Pursuant to §§26.019, 26.121(c), and 26.136 of the Texas Water Code and Chapter 337, the TCEQ may issue orders, assess administrative penalties, and take other necessary action if a person violates the state water quality standards or other applicable state water quality requirements. Project report to the EPA, Near Coastal Waters. 14-22. Public notices issued by the Corps are joint public notices between the TCEQ and the Corps. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. The plan provides for creation of 4,250 acres of intertidal salt marsh in Galveston Bay over the 50-year life of the project. The Corps, Galveston District also has an in-lieu fee program. 1983-1989. Texas Coastal Management Program: Final Environmental Impact Statement. WATER CODE §11.151). A demonstration marsh was constructed using materials, equipment, and techniques that would replicate those that are envisioned for the BUG plan. 55 pp. White. There are two types of mitigation banks in Texas: wetland and stream mitigation banks regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and species conservation banks regulated by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Florida wetlands generally do not include longleaf or slash pine flatwoods with an understory dominated by saw palmetto. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has used November and December 1992 and February and March 1993 color infrared aerial photography to update National Wetland Inventory (NWI) maps (scale 1:24,000) for coastal Texas. For example, cattails, bulrushes, sedges, Mangrove wetland Freshwater wetland Skunk cabbage 4. rushes, cordgrass, sphagnum moss, baldcypress, tupelo gum, willows, buttonbush, mangroves, pickleweed, … Abstract. The TPWD and GLO currently recommend compensation for wetland impacts during review of Corps §10/404 permit applications. Adair, S. E., J. L. Moore, and C.P. After two growing seasons, there were no differences in total plant cover among all plant spacings. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. I don't know that area well, but in Florida I always used saw palmetto as a key indicator I was in the transition area between wetland to uplands. The three-member SLB may grant the following interests in coastal public lands: (1) leases for public purposes; (2) easements for purposes connected with the ownership of littoral property; and (3) channel easements to the holders of any surface or mineral interest in coastal public land. Mitigation for impacts to state resources should occur on state land; however, if state land is not available, private land may be used as long as a conservation easement is granted to the GLO for access and control over the mitigation site. The Small Business and Individual Permitting Assistance Office, established by the Coastal Coordination Act, opened in 1997. Wetland enhancement is the improvement and management of existing wetlands If the maps show a wetland or a potential wetland, consult a wetland professional to verify that you have a wetland and to identify its boundaries. If you find that you are developing land in close proximity to wetlands, contact the Corps for a review request. I also have a provider whose name I can send you tomorrow if that would be helpful. Texas coastal nonpoint source pollution control program. The Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, Publication GBNEP-31. 1993. Section 279.11(c)(4) includes a statement that under some circumstances the impact of a project may be so significant that even if alternatives are not available, certification may be denied regardless of the compensatory mitigation proposed. a wetland. All narrative and applicable numeric water quality criteria apply to wetlands. Smith, E. H., and S. J. Dilworth. Pulich, W. M., Jr., and W. A. EPA develops and interprets policy, guidance and environmental criteria used in evaluation permit applications and determines scope of geographic jurisdiction and applicability of exemptions. (1979) on 496 U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute maps covering 21 coastal counties. The CEPRA authorizes the GLO to implement a comprehensive CEPRA program that includes designing, funding, building, and maintaining erosion projects alone or in partnership with other governmental and non-governmental entities. 161 pp. Large areas of depressional, coastal prairie pothole, and playa lake wetlands are now considered isolated and no longer jurisdictional. Whittington, Dale, Glenn Cassidy, Deborah Amaral, Elizabeth McClelland, Hua Wang, and Christine Poulos. Currently, the TCEQ reviews §404 and 10/404 permits involving coastal wetlands and other waters of the state over three acres in size. interconnected ecological system and were aggressively converted to agricultural 79 pp. The use of RMCs has often expedited the permitting process. Mitigation conditions are included in GLO lease or easement contracts as a requirement for project approval. A matrix of implementation sources was prepared to match projects with funding sources. Submerged lands of Texas: sediments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands. Work on the project was completed in 1995, and the successful demonstration project is now permanently diverting river waters into the delta marshes. Certain types of rare or ecologically significant wetlands are not eligible for Tier I. functions or values. Although no one state agency is primarily responsible for coordination, the TPWD is probably the agency that is most responsible for consistency (see e-mail address for Rollin MacRae below), since the TPWD coordinated the development of the Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan. Most actions are under the jurisdiction of TCEQ, but oil and gas production activities covered by §404 are certified by the RRC. Atlas of National Wetlands Inventory Maps for Nueces County, Texas. The guidelines include techniques for creating salt marshes, seagrasses, and forested wetlands. for a particular function or value, possibly at the expense of other existing The program is intended to provide compensatory mitigation primarily for smaller adverse impacts to wetlands. NRCS has currently completed digitization of soils maps for some coastal counties. Developed in conjunction with Ext-Joom.com, Support the Association of State Wetland Managers While Shopping Online, ELI State Wetland Protection Status, Trends, & Model ApproachesView Texas Report in PDF Print this page in PDF. 99 pp. Seagrasses are becoming abundant between the geotube and the Island shoreline, because of the decreased turbidity and turbulence provided by the geotube breakwater. 1987. Houston-Galveston Area Council. 292 pp. Coastal permit streamlining initiative. Thomas R. Calnan(512) 463-5100tcalnan@glo.state.tx.us, State Agency E-mail Contacts: tcalnan@glo.state.tx.us – Texas General Land Office rollin.macrae@tpwd.state.tx.us – Texas Parks and Wildlife Department mfisher@tceq.state.tx.us – Texas Commission on Environmental Quality leslie.savage@rrc.state.tx.us – Texas Railroad Commission. The Shamrock Island project consists of construction of: 1) a 3,600 ft geotextile tube (geotube) to protect the Island’s northwest shoreline; 2) a feeder beach for nourishing the Island’s southern shoreline; and 3) five acres of marsh vegetation/open-water habit to be created between the geotube and the Island. A priority action in the Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan is developing tax incentives for wetlands. ____ 1997. 61 pp. In August 2000, there were 111 landowners in the program, resulting in a total of approximately 41,000 acres of registered lands. This project also includes a voluntary Wetlands Restoration Site Registry for private landowners. and create wetlands. The GBF has set a goal of restoring 24,000 acres by 2010. In addition, the TPWD has developed guidelines for sensitive wetlands that will provide the basis for regulations regarding such coastal issues as oil spill prevention and response, natural resource damage assessment, mitigation, and acquisition. Quammen, M. L., and C. P. Onuf. The 220-acre demonstration marsh was constructed in 1993 in upper Galveston Bay. Emphasis is placed on vegetative communities and flood frequency. If an activity is not water-dependent, practicable alternatives are presumed to exist, unless the applicant demonstrates otherwise. Pursuant to §279.11(b), activities that require certifications must avoid adverse impacts, including cumulative and secondary impacts. The objectives are to determine survival and growth rates of transplanted seagrasses and to obtain evidence of increased faunal densities above those in neighboring nonvegetated substrates. 25 pp. In addition, the GLO and TPWD received a National Coastal Wetlands Conservation grant in 2003, from the FWS to protect and restore wetlands in the Starvation Cove area of West Bay. 68 pp. The CMP protects coastal wetlands and other coastal natural resources in the Texas coastal zone. A Seagrass and Boating brochure was developed by the TPWD, in association with the Boaters Trade Association of Texas and with assistance from the GLO. Management of the CMP is overseen by the Coastal Coordination Council (Council), which is chaired by the commissioner of the General Land Office (GLO), with members from six other state agencies, four gubernatorial appointees, and Texas Seagrant. 1995. 91 pp. Wetland regulation in Texas has traditionally been the responsibility of state and federal agencies. The construction of a large-scale demonstration marsh for the purpose of identifying environmental and design parameters and management requirements was recommended by the Beneficial Uses Disposal Plan. (Please click on heading below to go to that section.). Texas General Land Office, Coastal Division, Austin, TX. Variable pagination. soil area that was previously a naturally functioning area prior to anthropogenic While wetland units may be built without supplemental water, this lack will cause many seasons of lost productivity when the rains do not come. 1996. The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Special Publications. The mitigation sequence found in the §404(b)(1) Guidelines is incorporated into §279.11(c). Walk the property with this checklist*, and look for wetland clues. Pp. Other examples of the beneficial uses of dredged material to restore wetlands in the Galveston Bay system are the Clear Creek Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material Demonstration Project and the San Jacinto State Park Project. Turner Collie & Braden, Inc. and Gahagan & Bryant Associates, Inc. 1995. It provides recommendations to local, state, and federal agencies that approve, permit, license, or construct development projects in wetlands. The RRC issues §401 Certification for oil, gas, and geothermal activities. Texas coastal wetlands: status and trends, mid-1950s to early 1990s. The TPWD received a grant from the EPA in 1997 to develop a voluntary registry of private and public lands available for mitigation or restoration. 1997. Texas Wetlands: Most Texas wetlands are palustrine; estuarine wetlands arenext in area. Monitoring and management plans have been developed which will track the planting plan, the development of marsh habitat, and utilization by avian species (Turner Collie & Braden, Inc. and Gahagan & Bryant Associates, Inc., 1995). April 2020, is the 10th anniversary of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 7 atlases. Participating state and federal agencies agree to maintain data coverages pertinent to wetland protection on the WetNet. Zimmerman, R. J., T. J. Minello, E. F. Klima, T. Baumer, M. Pattillo, and M. Pattillo-Castiglione. Some of these services, or functions, include protecting and improving water quality, providing fish and wildlife habitats, storing floodwaters and maintaining surface water flow during dry periods. -- soil characteristics that differ from surrounding uplands. 1993. Texas coastal wetlands: a handbook for local governments. In 2001, the GLO updated and automated the Resource Management Code (RMC) system with the assistance of the state and federal natural resource agencies. Marsh vegetation was planted in October 1999 and September 2000. Step 2: Put Boots on the Ground. Playa lake wetlands are found in the Texas High Plains. Submergence of wetlands as a result of human-induced subsidence and faulting along the upper Texas Gulf Coast. 89-109. Planting of sprigs on 11m centers was the most cost-effective planting method. Thomas, J. R., and R. L. Ferguson. 1990. Altogether, with the implementation of all four (Galveston Island State Park, Jumbile, Delehide, and Starvation Coves) wetland/seagrass/tidal flat protection/restoration projects on West Galveston Island, almost 1,800 acres of marsh/seagrass/tidal flat will have been protected or restored on Galveston Island. Current status and historical trends of selected estuarine and coastal habitats in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area. In: R. R. Lewis, III (ed. I don't practice in Minnesota to know whether there are any state laws requiring you to disclose wetlands on the property. 1993. Wetland CEFs were digitized into a versioned SDE database in ArcMap from construction plans, environmental assessments, City of Austin staff field … Coastal wetland packets with brochures and a poster highlighting wetland status and trends and functions and values, regulatory and nonregulatory protection methods, wetland contacts, and a wetland bibliography were developed by the GLO. 457 pp. Where you are located in Texas will determine which kind of wetland you see (Fig 10.2) High Plains. lands, canals or reservoirs. 53 pp. 41 pp. Copies of maps are availableforreviewat local government clerk's offices, DEC regional off … The Galveston Bay National Estuary Program. Fonseca, M. S. 1993. The GLO uses an Access Database to track projects being reviewed for consistency in the coastal zone. Both public and private lands are eligible for restoration. The goal of the Blueprint is to restore 24,000 acres of Galveston Bay habitat by the year 2010. The registry program will function like “want ads,” linking those who do not own land, but need or want to do wetlands restoration, with property owners who have similar goals. 1998. 62 pp. The hydrology of a wetland (how much water it gets and how long it stays there) is the most important factor that determines its character. Updated, on-line codes for state-owned submerged tracts will serve as a valuable tool to better manage submerged lands. Wetlands have been delineated and classified according to Cowardin et al. No separate monitoring and assessment staff. The Center for Watershed Protection has developed a Wetlands At-Risk Protection Tool intended to help local governments determine the value of the wetlands in their jurisdiction. quantity and movement of water) help to determine the plants and animals that inhabit various wetlands. The National Wetland Team provides guidance, tools, training, and leadership within NRCS regarding the development and application of science-based methods and tools related to wetland identification and delineation. CCBNEP-15. The TPWD received a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1997 to develop a voluntary registry of private and public lands available for mitigation or restoration. Everitt, J. H., F. W. Judd, D. E. Escobar, and M. R. Davis. 1995. Themost recent surveyestimated that the continental United States has around 110 million acres of wetlands. A Texas Coastal Wetlands poster was developed by TPWD artists. http://www.hgac.cog.tx.us/resources/seabrook/seabrook.html. White, W. A., and R. A. Morton. The RMCs have been used by energy producers and other potential users of submerged coastal lands to design their projects in a manner that avoids or minimizes damage to coastal natural resources, including wetlands. A project to identify and evaluate potential sites for wetland restoration, enhancement, or creation in the Corpus Christi/Nueces Bay area was funded by a grant from the EPA through the GLO, with support from the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program and the Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas (Smith et al., 1997). 66 pp. In: Federal Coastal Mapping Programs, S. J. Kiraly, R. A. A Wetlands Assistance Guide for Landowners, which is intended to provide a quick reference for landowners interested in protecting wetlands on their property, and a pocket-sized brochure summarizing incentive programs discussed in the Wetlands Assistance Guide, were developed by the TPWD (TPWD, 1995b). Wetlands Inventory This gives you a guideline, but it is not a final source, click the Wetlands Mapper. Florida wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bayheads, bogs, cypress domes and strands, sloughs, wet prairies, riverine swamps and marshes, hydric seepage slopes, tidal marshes, mangrove swamps and other similar areas. Wildlife habitat appraisal procedure (WHAP). The cost of wetlands mitigation became cumbersome to development and, anecdotally, the Army Corps has become less strict and more development friendly recently. Merkord, G. W. 1978. Local governments have several regulatory tools available for the conservation wetlands, including zoning, subdivision regulation, nuisance prohibition, water pollution regulation, and interlocal contracting. 55 pp. Society of Wetland Scientists 16th Annual Meeting. In addition, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) examined the potential for biological gains and losses from marsh creation using dredged material in various parts of Galveston Bay (Zimmerman et al., 1992). Contributions in Marine Science. Regional and statewide economic impacts of sportfishing, other recreational activities, and commercial fishing associated with bays and estuaries of the Texas Gulf Coast.Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 55 pp. They should have a list of providers for you. Wetlands are important features in the landscape that provide numerous beneficial services for people and for fish and wildlife. All types receive most of their water from surface water, and many marshes are also fed by groundwater. In addition, a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan of the Galveston Bay National Estuary Program (GBNEP) is promoting the development of a program for the beneficial use of dredged material which includes funding mechanisms to meet the added costs of handling and processing the material when nonbeneficial disposal is eliminated. The Corps and other members of the Mitigation Bank Review Team use the federal mitigation banking guidelines to guide the development of banks. his interest has been due to their low construction and maintenance costs and their appeal as natural treatment systems. Galveston Bay National Estuary Program. Characterization of anthropogenic and natural disturbance on vegetated and unvegetated bay bottom habitats in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area. The program Eye on Earth is broadcast by the Texas Education Agency via its T-Star Network. Photo courtesy Jennifer Key TPWD 2004, Angelina County. Site selection for beneficial use of dredge material through marsh creation in Galveston Bay. All plans can be used to help satisfy the goal in the Galveston Bay Plan (Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, 1995) of creating or restoring 15,000 acres of vegetated wetlands in the Galveston Bay system within 10 years. Laguna Madre: seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction. This showed a decline in the nation’s wetland acreage, with a net loss of 62,300 acres of wetlands. Seagrass Conservation Plan for Texas. Moulton, D. W., T. E. Dahl, and D. M. Dall. Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast. Both types of banks are permanently protected and exist to replace natural resource values that are lost at an offsite location to … This effort helps the applicant develop a project that can be expedited through the permitting process. 1997. The Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, a program of the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. Moulton, D. W., and D. M. Dall. 35 pp. 1994. See the description under Regulation above. 722 pp. State wetland definition excludes irrigated acreage used for farmland and man-made wetlands less than an acre. -- water that is present for part or all of the year, at or above the surface, or within the root zone. 1991. Wetlands assistance guide for landowners. The GLO allocated funds to 34 erosion response projects for Cycle 1. Final report to the Corps, Galveston District and The Port of Houston Authority. In: The gulf prairies and marshes and its many ecosystems. The problem is, when you need absolute certainty about the wetlands situation, it can eat up a lot of time and money while you’re waiting on these answers. 1998. Previous inventories were conducted using 1950's, 1978/1979, and 1989 photography. Pp. Mitigation measures include improving lands to replace hunter opportunity loss and using fishery management techniques (PARKS & WILDLIFE CODE §57.141). In Cycle 2, 41 erosion response projects were completed or are under construction. I would start by calling the Texas A&M core of engineers. Status and trends information was completed in 1997 (Moulton et al., 1997). No separate restoration staff, although the GLO's CEPRA program (described above under new programs) has a staff of approximately six FTEs. An extensive, annotated Texas Coastal Wetlands Bibliography is on the WetNet system (http://www.glo.state.tx.us/wetnet/pubs.html).
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