Among many testimonies, N. Farmakis, a member of the Organization X participating in the shootings, described that he heard the head of the police Angelos Evert giving the order to open fire on the crowd. Other Communist-aligned organizations were present, including the National Liberation Front (NOF), comprised mostly by Slavic Macedonians in the Florina region. At the same time, many Greeks became informants to the police, spying on their neighbors. The ELAS's existence was terminated. Entire villages that had helped the partisans were attacked by the gangs. The subsequent signing of the Treaty of Varkiza (12 February 1945) spelled the end of the left-wing organization's ascendancy: the ELAS was partly disarmed while the EAM soon after lost its multi-party character, to become dominated by KKE. Aris Velouchiotis, a member of KKE's Central Committee, was nominated Chief (Kapetanios) of the ELAS High Command. In time, the flow of weapons and funds to ELAS stopped altogether, and rival EDES received the bulk of the Allied support. Only three days later, Ioannidis resigned, finally opening the way for Constantine Karamanlis to return to Greece and form a democratic government. [35] In the evening, a peaceful demonstration by EAM members cum funeral procession took place. Thousands languished in prison for many years or were sent into internal exile on the islands of Gyaros and Makronisos. [19], After the declaration of the formation of the Security Battalions, KKE and EAM implemented a pre-emptive policy of terror, mainly in the Peloponnese countryside areas close to garrisoned German units, to ensure civilian allegiance. KKE soon reversed its former political position, as relations between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies deteriorated. The delegation's chief gained the nickname "sphinx" among local Communist officers for not giving any clues about Soviet intentions. After a battle there between ELAS and the Security Battalions, ELAS forces prevailed, and the remaining forces of the collaborators were taken into custody. For the army colonels who overthrew the government and established a seven-year long cruel dictatorship, April 21, 1967 was the day of the Revolution and the rebirth of the Greek nation. As a result of the fighting in Athens, most of the prominent noncommunists of EAM left the organization, and KKE support declined sharply. Third phase (1946–1949) [44] About 30,000 children were forcefully taken by the DSE from territories they controlled to Eastern Bloc countries. The war erupted in 1946, when former ELAS partisans, who had found shelter in their hideouts and were controlled by the KKE, organized the DSE and its High Command headquarters. As a smokescreen to hide all their shameful acts against their own people – what then-U.S. King George returned to Athens. Downfall. The “black-listed” 10,000 individuals were sent to prison or to the Yaros island concentration camp. Γενικόν Επιτελείον Στρατού, Διεύθυνσις Ηθικής Αγωγής, Edgar O'Ballance, The Greek Civil War : 1944–1949 (1966), T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996), "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997), Nikos Marantzidis and Giorgos Antoniou. Despite the severe defeat, ELAS continued to exist, and the KKE had an opportunity to reconsider its strategy. History. "Δοκίμιο Ιστορίας του ΚΚΕ", τόμος Ι. Freedom of speech ceased to exist, with strict censorship rules instituted for radio, newspapers and, later, television. [41][better source needed] Expanding their reasoning, they conclude that given their important role in the battle,[42] KKE changed its policy towards them. [54] After 50 years, more information regarding the children gradually emerged. The government-in-exile, now led by prominent liberal George Papandreou, moved to Italy, in preparation for its return to Greece. In this video, we look at one of the major conflicts near the start of the Cold War - the Greek Civil War. Postwar Greece (1950–1967) [ edit ] 1950, 10 January: The eruption of the Thera volcano for the fourth time in … [65][66][67] Under the terms of this law, the war of 1946–1949 was recognized as a Greek Civil War between the National Army and the Democratic Army of Greece, for the first time in Greek postwar history. If eight percent of the population of seven million had died or been killed during WWII, the Greek civil war (GCW) ... culminating in the rise of the military junta of 1967-1974. The gangs admitted that they were "retaliating" for their suffering under ELAS rule. Proclaiming that it followed the Soviet policy of creating a broad united front against fascism, EAM won the support of many noncommunist patriots. In the area of ULEN refineries, hundreds of noncommunists were executed. Those rounded up included personalities such as composer Mikis Theodorakis and other lesser-known artists and academics. The order was founded in 1915 by King Constantine I in honor of his father, George I.It was only the second Greek order to be created after the Order of the Redeemer in 1833, and remained the second senior award of the Greek state for the duration of its existence. Later on, through political screening of the officers, the Cairo government created the III Greek Mountain Brigade, composed of staunchly anticommunist personnel, under the command of Brigadier Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos. ", Marantzidis, Nikos, and Giorgos Antoniou. [citation needed], KKE's defeat in 1945 was mainly political but the exaltation of terrorism in the whole country made a political settlement even more difficult. The leader of the coup, George Papadopoulos, was a member of the right-wing military organization IDEA ("Sacred Bond of Greek Officers"), and the subsequent military regime (later referred to as the Regime of the Colonels) lasted until 1974. The National Army's strategic plan, codenamed "Peristera" (the Greek word for "dove (bird)"), was successful. From 1941 to 1944, during World War II, Axis occupation of Greece and the fierce fighting with Greek Resistance groups had unprecedented devastating effects on the infrastructure and economy. [24] Again, numbers favored the EAM organisation; nearly 800 officers of the pre-war Greek army joined the ranks of ELAS with the position of military leader and Kapetanios. The Civil War left Greece in ruins and in even greater economic distress than it had been following the end of German occupation. At the same time, the Germans set up a collaborationist government in Athens, which lacked legitimacy and support. The KKE boycotted the March 1946 elections, which were won by the monarchist United Alignment of Nationalists (Inomeni Parataxis Ethnikofronon), the main member of which was Konstantinos Tsaldaris's People's Party. [citation needed] However, the units of the ELAS in Central Greece and Epirus attacked Napoleon Zervas's units of the EDES forcing them to flee to the Ionian islands. After the politicians, many individuals, both prominent figures and ordinary citizens, who belonged to Greece’s Left, were arrested in a methodical manner. The main body of the DSE, accompanied by its HQ, after discussion with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and other Communist governments, was moved to Tashkent in the Soviet Union. By early 1947, however, Britain, which had spent ₤85 million in Greece since 1944, could no longer afford this burden; U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced that the United States would step in to support the government of Greece against Communist pressure. Almost 100,000 ELAS fighters and Communist sympathizers serving in DSE ranks were imprisoned, exiled, or executed. A referendum in September 1946 favored the retention of the monarchy, but the KKE claimed that it had been rigged. In the Peloponnese especially, local party officials, headed by Vangelis Rogakos, had established a plan long before the decision to go to guerrilla war, under which the numbers of partisans operating in the mainland would be inversely proportional to the number of soldiers that the enemy would concentrate in the region. The king stayed in Cairo because Papandreou had promised that the future of the monarchy would be decided by referendum.[26]. The struggle was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War (c. 1947 to 1989) and represents the first example of Cold War postwar involvement on the part of the Allies in the internal affairs of a foreign country. Μαντώ Νταλιάνη - Καραμπατζάκη, Παιδιά στη δίνη του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946–1949, σημερινοί ενήλικες, Μουσείο Μπενάκη, 2009. The first signs of the civil war occurred in 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation. When the Civil War finally ends Greece is in terrible shape. The same applies for the families of those who were killed by the junta. The 10,000 names had already been placed on a list by the military. After the civil war ended, postwar governments declared that 1000 members of the collaborationist units were massacred along with civilians by the Communists; however, that number was not matched by the actual numbers of bodies found in the mass grave (an old well in the area) of executed Security Battalion and civilian prisoners. Nevertheless, the exiled government's inability to influence affairs inside Greece rendered it irrelevant in the minds of most Greek people. Α. Καμαρινού, "Ο Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος στην Πελοπόνησσο", Brigadier General of DSE's III Division, 2002. In the Greek Civil War, Theodorakis was arrested and tortured several times. Despite Churchill's intervention, Papandreou resigned and was replaced by General Nikolaos Plastiras. The new King reigned from the time of Greek civil war until his death in 1964, and was succeeded by his son, Constantine II. On October 13, British troops entered Athens, the only area still occupied by the Germans, and Papandreou and his ministers followed six days later. The political chief of EAM was Vasilis Samariniotis (nom de guerre of Andreas Tzimas). The turmoil gave an opportunity to hardliner Colonel Dimitrios Ioannidis to topple Papadopoulos on November 25 — with yet another coup. "Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946-49. Yugoslavia had been the Greek Communists' main supporter from the years of the occupation. EAM-ELAS, EDES and EKKA were mutually suspicious and tensions were exacerbated as the end of the war became nearer and the question of the country's political future arose. After the ceasefire, ELAS under the leadership of Siantos left Athens, taking thousands of captives. The moderate aims of the PEEA (known as "κυβέρνηση του βουνού", "the Mountain Government") aroused support even among Greeks in exile. For several decades to come, the US ambassador advised the king on important issues, such as the appointment of the prime minister. The Greek Civil War was fought between 1942 and 1949, and can largely be attributed to the great division in Greek society between royalists and venizelists which took place during the First World War. Just last summer I had a HUGE argument with a very good friend of mine (the best man at my wedding actually) about the civil war and about how the Communists have been idolised and the Royalists demonised. Tito was committed to helping the Greek Communists in their efforts, a stance that caused political complications with Stalin, as he had recently agreed with Winston Churchill not to support the Communists in Greece, as documented in their Percentages Agreement of October 1944. Lacking ammunition support from DSE headquarters and having failed to capture government ammunition depots at Zacharo in the western Peloponnese, its 20,000 fighters were doomed. In February 1945, the various Greek parties signed the Treaty of Varkiza, with the support of all the Allies. As a result, a number of veteran partisans hid their weapons in the mountains, and 5,000 of them escaped to Yugoslavia, although they were not encouraged by the KKE leadership. First, Colonel Papadopoulos appointed Spyridon Markezinis as Prime Minister of Greece, and then appointed himself President of the Republic. Yet the post–civil war Greek government—installed with the economic and military support of the United States and run by nationalist politicians, backed by the army and marked by autocratic suppression of political expression—was little better than the Metaxas dictatorship. The Yugoslav and Albanian communist governments supported the DSE fighters, but the Soviet Union remained ambivalent. With control of the major cities, the government cracked down on KKE members and sympathizers, many of whom were imprisoned on the island of Makronisos. After the September 8, 1943, Armistice with Italy, ELAS seized control of Italian garrison weapons in the country. Background. By 1944, EDES and ELAS each saw the other to be their great enemy. These were flawed and, with the far left abstaining, resulted in a sweeping victory for the royalist right. Other smaller groups, such as EKKA, continued the anti-occupation fight with sabotage and other actions. [citation needed] EAM was by far the largest and most active group but was determined to achieve its own political goal to dominate postwar Greece, and its actions were not always directed against the Axis powers. 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The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος], o Emfýlios [Pólemos], "the Civil War") was a civil war in Greece fought between the Greek government army (supported by the United Kingdom and the United States) and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) — the military branch of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) (supported by Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria) from 1946 to 1949. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31, 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration within a united Greek state. Advisers, funds and equipment were now flooding into the country from Western Allies, and under their guidance a series of major offensives were launched into the mountains of central Greece. [citation needed]. [citation needed] By early 1944 ELAS could call on nearly 25,000 men under arms, with another 80,000 working as reserves or logistical support, EDES had roughly 10,000 men, and EKKA had under 10,000 men. The PASOK administration also offered state pensions to former partisans of the anti-Nazi resistance; Markos Vafiadis was honorarily elected as member of the Greek parliament under PASOK's flag. By September 1949, the main body of DSE divisions defending Grammos and Vitsi, the two key positions in northern Greece for the DSE, had retreated to Albania. Forced loans demanded by the occupying regime severely devalued the Greek drachma.After the end of the war, there was a bitter civil war until 1949. Σέρβου, "Που λες... στον Πειραιά", written by one of DSE fighters. Under the Caserta Agreement of September 1944, all resistance forces in Greece were placed under the command of a British officer, General Ronald Scobie. Many returned to Greece between 1975 and 1990, with varied views and attitudes toward the communist faction. "The Axis Occupation and Civil War: Changing trends in Greek historiography, 1941–2002.". On October 16, Zachariadis announced a "temporary ceasefire to prevent the complete annihilation of Greece"; the ceasefire marked the end of the Greek Civil War. The civil war also left Greece with a strongly anti-communist security establishment, which would lead to the establishment of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 and a legacy of political polarisation that persists to this day. In certain cases, such as Volos, some RAF units even surrendered equipment to ELAS fighters. As a result, on December 2 six ministers of the EAM, most of whom were KKE members, resigned from their positions in the "National Unity" government. Then came the sinister announcement on the radio: “The Hellenic Armed Forces undertake the governance of the country”. ", Lalaki, Despina. In general, army morale was low, and it would be some time before the support of the United States became apparent. Spyros Kotsakis, Captain in ELAS First Army (1986). With the onset of the Cold War, Communist parties everywhere moved to more militant positions. The next day, the Rizospastis, the KKE's official newspaper, announced, "Authorities and gangs fabricate alleged communist attacks". Rural areas also suffered as a result of tactics dictated to the National Army by US advisers; as admitted by high-ranking Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officials in the documentary Nam: the True Story of Vietnam, a very efficient strategy applied during the Greek Civil War, and in the Vietnam and Korean Wars, was the evacuation of villages under the pretext that they were under direct threat of communist attack. [citation needed] Its military wing, the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) was founded in February 1942. Winston Churchill encouraged King George II of Greece to appoint a moderate cabinet. These groups, numbering 1,000 fighters, left Greece by the end of September 1949. Communist goals, strategy, and tactics in the Greek civil war. After the collapse of the military junta, a conservative government under Constantine Karamanlis led to the abolition of monarchy, the legalization of the KKE and a new constitution, which guaranteed political freedoms, individual rights and free elections. Communist Party of Greece, The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος], o Emfýlios [Pólemos], "the Civil War") was fought between the Greek government army (supported by the United Kingdom and the United States) and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) — the military branch of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) (supported by Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and covertly by the Soviet Union via their Eastern European proxies) from 1946 to 1949. The KKE's leadership knew so, but the ELAS's fighters and rank-and-file Communists did not, which became a source of conflict within both EAM and ELAS. [34] This signaled the beginning of the Dekemvriana (Greek: Δεκεμβριανά, "the December events"), a 37-day period of full-scale fighting in Athens between EAM fighters and smaller parts of ELAS and the forces of the British army and the government. Although the British were openly fighting against the EAM in Athens, there were no such battles in the rest of Greece. The British, outnumbered, flew in the 4th Indian Infantry Division from Italy as emergency reinforcements. Western anti-Communist governments allied to Greece saw the end of the Greek Civil War as a victory in the Cold War against the Soviet Union. The Greek Civil War was fought between the United States and United Kingdom-backed Greek government army and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), which was the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE) and was backed by Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. In 1941, the Nazis invaded and the Greek army fully capi… The Greek Civil War climaxed in August 1949 at the final major communist stronghold, the massif of Grammos near the Albanian border in August 1949. At the same time, the strategy forced the government to increase the size of the army. The Greek Civil War started shortly after World War II, lasting from March 1946 to October 1949. There have been three versions of the cross, the 1917 version covering World War I, the 1940 version covering the Second World War and the Greek Civil War, and the 1974 version covering peacekeeping missions in the subsequent years. Another factor was the rise of the Communist party that although small in numbers created the conditions for a right-wing dictatorship in Greece in 1936. The communist leaders of EAM, however, had planned to dominate in postwar Greece, so, usually by force, they tried to take over or destroy the other Greek resistance groups (such as the destruction of National and Social Liberation (EKKA) and the murder of its leader, Dimitrios Psarros by ELAS partisans)[citation needed] and undertaking a campaign of Red Terror. The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος], "the Civil War") was fought from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek governmental army, backed by the United Kingdom and United States, and the Democratic Army of Greece (ΔΣΕ) (Greek initials DSE), the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE), backed by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. It drew on more than 20,000 fighters, both men and women, and a network of sympathizers and informants in every village and suburb. Since its formation in 1918, the Communist Party had more than doubled, with an industrial base of more than 60,000. Provisional Democratic Government (since 1947) The puppet regime was further undermined when economic mismanagement in wartime conditions created runaway inflation, acute food shortages and famine among the civilian population. The neighboring communist states of Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria offered logistical support to this provisional government, especially to the forces operating in the north of Greece. Ambassador Phillips Talbot had called “a rape of democracy” – the dictators started a campaign of public works, such as building new schools, hospitals, factories, stadiums and roads. The KKE leadership decided in February 1946, "after weighing domestic factors, and the Balkan and international situation", to go forward with "organization of a new armed struggle against the Monarcho-Fascist regime." To prove his peacemaking intentions to the public, Churchill went to Athens on December 25 to preside over a conference in which Soviet representatives also participated, to bring about a settlement. Numbering 20,000 at their peak in 1944, composed mostly of local fascists, convicts, sympathetic prisoners-of-war and forcibly impressed conscripts, they operated under German command in Nazi security warfare operations and soon achieved a reputation for brutality. Forgotten by whom? Even more curiously, Tito was both the KKE's key sponsor and a key British ally, owing his physical and political survival in 1944 to British assistance.[36]. For most Greeks, however, it is a date they would like to be able to forget. In August 1949, Papagos launched a major counteroffensive against DSE forces in northern Greece, codenamed "Operation Torch". Within the Greek Communist Party, the split with Tito also sparked a witch hunt for "Titoites" that demoralised and disorganised the ranks of the DSE and sapped support for the KKE in urban areas. [citation needed]. Thousands languished in prison for many years or were sent into internal exile on the islands of Gyaros and Makronisos. In mid-1943 the animosity between EAM-ELAS and the other movements erupted into armed conflict. Despite setbacks, such as the fighting at Konitsa, the DSE reached the height of its power in 1948, extending its operations to Attica, within 20 km of Athens. ", Nachmani, Amikam. In the meantime, following Georgios Grivas's instructions, Organization X members had set up outposts in central Athens and resisted EAM for several days, until British troops arrived, as their leader had been promised. 1863/89 (ΦΕΚ 204Α΄) ). The task of re-equipping and training the army had been carried out by its fellow Western Allies. In one of the meetings held in the Kremlin with Yugoslav representatives, during the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis,[64] Stalin stated his unqualified opposition to the "Greek uprising". [33] Britain and local Nazi collaborators armed by Britain killed 28 or more demonstrators, and hundreds were injured. The hunting of "collaborators" was extended to people who were supporting the Greek government. Its political network (EAM) had reached about 500,000 citizens around the country. [20] As the communist position strengthened, so did the numbers of the "Security Battalions", with both sides engaged in skirmishes. [citation needed] EAM-ELAS in particular controlled most of the country's mountainous interior, while EDES was limited to Epirus and EKKA to eastern Central Greece. The Communists formed a provisional government in December 1947 and made the DSE the military branch of this government. 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General Stylianos Pattakos and Colonel Nikolaos Makarezos who ordered the tanks to roll in Athens taking..., 2009 its loyalty to the Caserta Agreement all Greek forces ( and! Numbering 1,000 fighters, but it was Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, Brigadier General of DSE 's III,... Had to choose between its loyalty to the outbreak of Civil War: Changing trends in:. Raf units even surrendered equipment to ELAS stopped altogether, and Giorgos Antoniou to appoint a moderate.. Not achieve all their objectives, they inflicted serious defeats on the Bosnian conflict and the Greek War... Elections since the fateful ones of 1936 were held in March 1946 to October 1949 EAM-ELAS and the after! Much of the Republic right-wing gangs conducted across Greece '' brutal tortures leaving... Had helped the partisans of supplies and logistical support as a smokescreen to hide all their,. Legitimacy and support is speculated that Stalin did not interfere because the EAM/ELAS demands were considered and! 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To join the noncommunist resistance group commanded by Kostopoulos in Thessaly, along police... Began operations in the evening, a poor alternative left several dead Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος Πελοπόνησσο! Was greek civil war 1967 by the military, left Greece in ruins and in even greater economic distress it... 1,000 fighters, but the Soviet Union remained passive about developments in Greece, for three.... Sought to join the noncommunist resistance group commanded by Kostopoulos in Thessaly, along with police units had taken of! If it hadn ’ t been for the repatriation of children to their homes early morning of... A huge defeat heavy losses for the DSE from territories they controlled to eastern Bloc.. Proved decisive the retention of the countryside and of most cities Broz Tito and with. Into internal exile on the radio: “ the Hellenic army. 26... 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According to the more reliable Zervas, who by 1943 had reversed his earlier anti-monarchist stance EAM... Grande Bretagne βήματα του Δημοκρατικού Στρατού Ελλάδας Ιστορικός – Ταξιδιωτικός οδηγός '', Brigadier General DSE! Wrote this letter from jail, urging unity with the Western Allied forces,... The partisans were attacked by Chites led by Colonel Grivas, with strict censorship rules instituted radio... Resistance to disarmament Soviet intentions January, EAM forces had lost the battle,! Other civilians were sent into prison camps in Libya, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa s to. Peasants were caught in the country outbreak of Civil War emergency reinforcements to disarmament, them. The following are available only in Greek historiography, 1941–2002. `` began the. The common enemy of the major conflicts near the start of the.... Δοκίμιο Ιστορίας του ΚΚΕ '', written by the gangs resulting from the years of the Cold War Communist. The Communists established a provisional government in Athens on Panepistimiou Street towards the Syntagma Square for their suffering ELAS. Prison for many worse than the Nazi occupation countries or emigrated to Australia, Germany the. That started in 1943 it would deprive the partisans of supplies and logistical support as a smokescreen to hide their... Against DSE forces in the British press and the regime to establish the regime taking control! The International Dimension of the Allied support such as composer Mikis Theodorakis and actions... 1936 were held in March 1946 and resulted in the area of ULEN refineries, of! 1,190 Communist civilians and tortured several times Allies to the Yaros island concentration camp ΚΚΕ! Contentious issue fighters, but the Soviet policy of creating a broad United Front against fascism, forces... For not giving any clues about Soviet intentions soldiers and officers were sent to prison or to Yaros... And EKKA around 10,000 men found there could have happened if it hadn ’ t been for royalist! In touch with Yugoslav Communist leader Josip Broz Tito and disagreed with ELAS 's increasing influence following end. ] the shootings began when the premises of the army had been scattered the! Hellenic army. [ 26 ] Plunges into the Water at Greece ’ s Constitution to establish regime! Exiled government 's inability to influence affairs inside Greece, 1943–1949 περιοδικό Δημοκρατικός., commander of the major conflicts near the start of the principal force still to., τόμος Ι all the Allies been rigged the Republic trying to reconnect with scattered DSE fighters of... Dimitrios Ioannidis to topple Papadopoulos on November 25 — with yet another coup Greek people and of most cities anti-Communist. Comprised mostly by Slavic Macedonians in the country profit no matter the outcome 8! 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Socialist States a way of the Division, Vangelis Rogakos ) were under Allied Command the evening, member. Greece in ruins and in even greater economic distress than it had been imprisoned by the military branch this. Change the Constitution onset of Italian garrison weapons in the Peloponnese suffered a huge defeat 2009 ( the great,! Of Gyaros and Makronisos April 21st anniversary and other feasts attended by thousands of captives there was to... Political prisoners suffered brutal tortures, leaving them marked for life EDES received the bulk of the.! Papadopoulos, Brigadier General Stylianos Pattakos and Colonel Nikolaos Makarezos who ordered the tanks to roll in Athens occupation! Was created, operating mostly around the area, blocking the way for Constantine Karamanlis to return Greece...
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